Verbs start as a "dhaatu", one of 2000 roots (√'s), then they become stems in 10 different ways, more or less predictably. These then get conjoined ("conjugated") with verbal ("-ti-ending") endings from four of ten L-paradigms for verbs (Ləʈ, Ləŋ, Loʈ, and Lɪʈ), based on Person, Number, and Voice.

So much for just plain verbs but then there are another sixteen things you can do with verbs, like make them passive or turn them into a noun for their agent, etc.

So, Ganas, Endings, and More.

Ganas First

The Ganas are ten, grouped as thematic and not thematic (apparently ə is the "theme"). They all have some kind of (present) stem creation process but the easy ones stop there while the harder ones also have strong (by guna ("+"), vRddhi ("++"), etc.) and weak (and sometimes weaker/weakest) forms -- more to remember. Just remember non-ə-ganas vary by strength, while ə-ganas are fixed, less to remember.

These are the Ganas of the Present Stems:

Number	Kind	Sign	Canonical Example	Derived Form
1,4,6,10	Easy, ə-Gana, Thematic	[?]ə	bhuu	bhava
2,3,5,7,8,9	Non-ə-Gana Strength-bearing	¬ə	ad	atti
1	ə-Gana	+ ə	bhuu	bhavati
4	ə-Gana	yə	div	diivyati
6	ə-Gana	ə	tud	tudati
10	ə-Gana	+, əyə	cur	corayati
2	Non-ə-Gana	+/strong	ad	atti
3	Non-ə-Gana	+/strong,2x	hu	juhoti
5	Non-ə-Gana	nu, +	su	sunoti
7	Non-ə-Gana	_n[ə/strong]_;	rudh	ruNaddhi
8	Non-ə-Gana	u, +	tan	tanoti
9	Non-ə-Gana	naa(strong)|nii	krii	kriiNaati, jaaniimaH

Notation:

"+", "Guna": strengthen the preceding vowel. "++", "vRddhi": extra-strengthen "    "    " "_x_": infix x within the stem. "2x": reduplicate the stem (usu. with changes) "¬ p" : NOT p. "a/b" : a in those contexts where b applies. e.g. +/strong: guna in strong cases

Genders: M,Ne,F: Masculine, Neuter, Feminine Numbers: Sg,Du,Pl: Singular, Dual, Plural Cases: -1 Nom Nominative Subject, -2 Acc Accusative Object, -3 Instr Instrumental With/By, -4 Dat Dative To, -5 Abl Ablative From, -6 Gen Genitive Of, -7 Loc Locative At/In, -0 Voc Vocative O|Yo

Verbal Dimensions are Person, Number, Voice

So starting from a root (√) verb, we make a stem of it according to its Gana, then we further add to or modify it according to the Person and Number of the Subject and according to the verb's Voice.

Person identifies the subject of the verb as speaker (1p), audience (2p), or other (3p):

• 3rd person (प्रथमपुरुष्) as in "he", "she", "it", "they", "their".
• 2nd person (मध्यमपुरुष्) as in "you", "your".
• 1st person (उत्तमपुरुष) as in "I", "me", "my".

Number says the verb subject can be counted as one (singular), two (dual), or more (plural). What about the uncounted: rice and furniture?

Voice once identified the beneficiary of the verb: (P): "for others" (parasmaipada), (A): "for self" (Atmanepada). Maybe in Vedic.

• Some words must be (P), some must be (A), and some can be either (P) or (A).
• When you learn a verb, learn it as (P) or (A), so you know how to conjugate it.
• (P) vs (A) is a formal distinction, necessary in grammar but without meaning.

So let's learn the endings that verbs take:

Endings to Memorize

Memorize these four sets of verb endings, the Ləʈ, Ləŋ (which also adds prefix अ-), Loʈ, and Lɪʈ:

		(P)				(A)
		Singular	Dual	Plural		Singular	Dual	Plural
लट् Present (pres)
"Primary" Suffixes	3p	-ति	-तः	-(अ)न्ति		-ते	-एते,आते	-अन्ते
	2p	-सि	-थः	-थ		-से	-एथे,-आथे	-ध्वे
	1p	-(आ)मि	-(आ)वः	-(आ)मः		-ए	-(आ)वहे	-(आ)महे
लङ् Imperfect (ipf)	(These are the suffixes; for the whole imperfect form also add prefix अ-)
"Secondary" Suffixes	3p	-त्	-ताम्	-अन्, उः		-त	-आताम्	-अन्त, -अत, -रन्
	2p	-स्	-तम्	-त		-थाः	-आथाम्	-ध्वम्
	1p	-अम	-अव	-म		-इ,-ए	-वहि	-महि
लोट् Imperative (imp)
	3p	-तु	-ताम्	-अन्तु, अतु		-ताम्	-एताम्, आताम्	-अन्ताम्, अताम्
	2p	-∅, -धि, -हि	-तम्	-त		-स्व	-आथाम्	-ध्वम्
	1p	-आनि	-आव	-आम		-ऐ	-आवहे	-आमेहे
लिट् Perfect (pf)
with √ w/s 2x, &c	3p	-अ, (-औ)	-अतुः	-उः		-ए	-आते	-(इ)रे
	2p	-थ	-अथुः	-अ		-से	-आथे	-(इ)ध्वे
	1p	-अ (औ)	-(इ)व	-(इ)म		-ए	-(इ)वहे	-(इ)महे

These paradigms are here to aid memorization. If you are using this page a lot for lookup and reference all the time, maybe spend some minutes reciting paradigm rows, to get them into your head for instant direct access in your own mind. Or tell me to hurry up and put them into Teachionary so you can just go there.

So much for active verbs past present and imperative, there are also L Paradigms and Everything Else.

L-Paradigms

Panini gives us a special code of L-syllables as names for nine verb paradigms, all beginning with L:

• Ləʈ, Ləŋ, Loʈ, Lɪʈ (present, imperfect (past), imperative, perfect (past), each with a set of endings, see above), and
• Lɪŋ, Lɚʈ , Lɚŋ, Luʈ, Luŋ, the easy ones.

Do you want the English names? Folks who learned Latin grammar in school made 'em up; sorry for the trouble. I'll put these Latin, and equally valid Anglo Saxon, names in a column of the Everything Table:

From Verbs, Everything

Anglo-Saxon	Latin	Sanskrit Name	Pg | Ch	Formation	Example
Do, Does, Is	Present Indicative	Ləʈ		stem # primary suffixes	pac>pacati
Doingness	Abstraction	भावे प्रयोग	p163	[ object N | तत् | ∅ ]nom +    [ V intrans ]passive(A) +        [ subject N]instr	रामेण रक्श्साः हन्यन्ते
Doer	Agent Nouns	-तृ ] N	p173-176	√ vb - [इ] तृ = V-Agent or Kin	दातृ कर्तृ दुहितृ पितृ मातृ
Get Done	Passive verbs	कर्मणि प्रयोग	p161	Subj-Instr Obj-Nom  V+य+ (A)-endings	पण्डितेन मूर्खास् त्यज्यन्ते By the wise fools are abandoned.
Done	Past-Passive Participles	भूते कृदन्त	p176-184	√ vb - weakest -त = Adj	बुध+त=बुद्ध awakened यज्+त = इष्ट sacrificed
Can Do	Possessive Participle	मतुप् वतुप्	p191-193	N stem + -मन्त् -वन्त् + -अन्त् endings = possessed of N	भगवान् -वन् -वन्तः, -वन्तम् -वतः -वते -वतः -वत्सु -वन्
While doing	Present Participle, and Absolute	वर्तमाने कृदन्त्	p255- 264	stem (P) ( -अन्ति, अन्, अन्त्) (A) ( -मान् | आन )	पश्यन, सन, कुर्वण, मन्यमान
About to Do	Future Participle	भविष्यत्काले कृदन्त	p278	future stem - (अन्ति अन् अन्त् ) | मान् आन)	गमिश्यन्
Having Xed	Gerund	त्वान्त्, ल्यबन्त्	p194	+ {[ī] tvā | ya}	gatvā, viditvā, āgamya, pretya
-ed	Past Active Participle	क्तवतु कृदन्त	p194	PPP + -वन्त् = a past tense	उक्तवान् said
Oughta	"Gerundive" A Prescriptive Passive Participle	कृत्य	p281-286	V/++ + -य, -तव्य, -अनीय	पा>पेय, भू>भव्य,भाव्य, त्यज>त्याज्य, युध>योध्य, भुज>भोक्तव्य, कृ>करणीय गम्य, गन्तव्य्
Done did	Perfect and its Participle	लिट्	p293-304, endings p301	2x w/s &c (अ 2x > आ) ,[i/weak]vaaMs]Adj	उवाच,इति आह, हन>जघान, कृ>चकार, इष>इयेष| ईषुः, पत>पपात|पेतुः, भू>बभूविथ..
Done doin'	Perfect Active (A) Participle	+अणा	cf Govinda Dāsa	-ire stem ^^^aana	pacate > pecire > pecaana
Does did	Periphrastic Perfect		p304-305	√ - आम् ( अस् | कृ | भू ) लिट्	आसां चक्रे, एधाम् बभूवः, चिन्तयामास्
Made Do	Causative	प्रेरकः(cause) | णिजन्त् (-aya)	p314ff	stem = √ (+ | ++) [ प ] + -अय	गमयति, स्थापयतु, स्थाप्यते, अपाययत्
Wanting to do	Desiderative	सन्नन्त्	p325	√ + 2x + स | ईष् = verb of wanting	चिकीर्ष जिगमिश तितीर्ष जिगीश ममूर्श मीमांस जिघांस चिकीर्शयति
Really Do	Intensive	यङन्त (w/य) यङ्लुगन्त् (w/o)	Ch18.26, p329-332	√ 2x s/w + य √ - ई - √ - [ ∅ | य]	नन्नम, चर्चर, गनीगम, वरीवृत्य, देदीय, बोभूय, जोहु,
May Do	Optative	Lɪŋ लिङ्	p245-249	V ++ [ ई/ ī | य / ya ] + secondary suffixes = ought to, might	भू + optative => भवेत,भवेताम, भवेयुः भवेः, भवेतम, भवेत भवेयम,भवेव, भवेम
Do	Simple (unmarked) Future	sāmānya Lɚʈ सामान्य लृट्	p274	Just use Present Indicative to mean Future	paSyAmi/पष्यामि, I (will) see
Gon Do, Gonna	Future	Lɚʈ लृट्	p273-ff	[√,[i/veT|seT],sya]stem, primary endings	दास्यति, मन्स्यन्ते, करिष्यामः,गमिष्यामि (dAsyati, mansyante...)
Was Gonna	Conditional, Counterfactual	Lɚŋ लृङ्	p279	a + future stem + 2ndary endings	agamiSyat
Doer Does Be	Periphrastic Future	Luʈ लुट्	p279	√, +, tR]N^^taa, as(be), 0 | primary endings	कर्ता अस्मि, गन्ता असि, भविता स्वः
Did	Aorist	Luŋ लुङ्	p351ff	a-Aorist: अ - √ - अ - [लङ्] (vs imperf: अ - stem - [लङ्] (for the many Aorists see Marino handout)	दा : अदा अदुः अदाम अदाव अदात् भू: अभूवः. अभूम अभूत

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And More Verbal Conjugations:

अस् : To Be		Singular	Dual	Plural
	3p	अस्ति	स्तः	सन्ति
	2p	असि	स्थः	स्थ
	1p	अस्मि	स्वः	स्मः

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