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Key for Tom's Sanskrit Translation Abbreviations
perhaps used by no other
| Spelling, Phonology | ||||
| Static script Learning Resource for IPA/Devanagari | Dynamic script learning resource for IPA/Devanagari (click "Switch" to learn and practice) | |||
| Harvard Kyoto romanization: | M anusvara, H visarga, T/D/S retroflex consonants, z palatal fricative sh | |||
| (Vowel) Strength | w: weak form, w!: weakest form if any | gu: guNa (i>e,u>o,R>ar) | vr: vRddhi (i>ai,u>au,a>A,R>Ar) | 2x: reduplication |
| Computation | ||||
| Adjacency & deletion | -: suffix or prefix | ^: delete preceding letter before suffix | []: deleted item | |
| Choice | (): optional item, or comment | |: options, or "choose one" |  This symbol means "Otherwise" or "all the remaining options" |
|
| Grammatical Processes | ]X: recategorize the preceding as an X | +Y: apply process Y | ||
| Parts of Speech | ||||
| N: Noun | V: Verb | A: Adjective | ind: Indeclineable | pr: pronoun, refl: reflexive pr. "-self" |
| Nouns (& Adjectives) | ||||
| p: Person (me vs you vs they): | 1p: 1st person (I/we) | 2p: 2nd person (you/you) | 3p: 3rd person (he/they) | |
| #: Number | sg: singular | du: dual | pl: plural | |
| gen: Gender: | M: masculine | F: feminine | Ne/neut: neuter | |
| v: Case or Vibhakti 1-7 plus voc: | 1: nom(v1): Nominative (subject/agent of action). |
2: acc(v2): Accusative (object/patient of action). |
3: instr(v3): Instrumental (means/accompaniment). "with" or "by" |
4: dat(v4): Dative (target/recipient). "to" |
| 5: abl(v5): Ablative (source). "from" |
6: gen(v6): Genitive (possessor). "of", "'s" |
7: loc(v7): Locative (location). "in" or "at" |
voc: Vocative, संबोधन "hey you" |
|
| Verbs | ||||
| A verb conjugation is two 3x3 tables of suffixes: 3 Persons and 3 Numbers (from the verb's subject) and 2 meaningless but formal "Voices" (A for self आत्मनेपद , P for other परस्मैपद) |
9+ conjugations tell the verb's:
Tense (past, present, future),
Mood (indicative, possible, suggested, counterfactual),
Mode (active, passive) | |||
| Conjugations: | लट्, ind. "Indicative" (Present) |
लङ्, impf, "Imperfect" (Simple Past #1) |
लोट्, imp, "Imperative" (Subjunctive, may it be so) |
लिङ, opt, "Optative" (it should/might be so) |
| लृट्, fut, "Future" | लृङ्, CCF, Conditional Counterfactual | लुट्, pfut, periphrastic Future | लिट्, pf,"Perfect" (Past #2) | लुङ्, aor, "Aorist" (Past #3) |
| Secondary Conjugations: | caus. Causative √ +(vr|gu) (p) -ay | desid. Desiderative; 2x+ √ -(i)s|S a|aa|u | intens. Intensive: 2x+ (√ (-ya)) | denom. Denominative: N -ya ]V |
| ga: gaNa's, Verb Classes 1-10: 1,4,6,10 are "Thematic"(-a final): | 1 भ्वादिगण : √ +gu, -a | 4 दिवादिगण : √ -ya | 6 तुदादिगण : -a. | 10 चुरादिगण : √ +gu -aya |
|
are "Non-Thematic" (non-a-final) |
2 अदादिगण : √ +gu, -0 | 3 ह्वादिगण : 2x- √ +gu | 5 स्वादिगण : √ -nu +gu. | 7 रुधादिगण : -n-(w)|-na-(str). |
| 8 तनादिगण : √ -u +gu. | 9 क्रीयादिगण् :√ -nI(w) | -nA(str) | |||
| From Verbs: | pass: Passive; part: Participle ]Adj | abs: Abstract (Intransitive Pass.) | PP | PaP: Present part., Past part. | Ger, Gev: Gerund, Gerundive |
| PAP: Past active part. | PPP: Past pass. part. | PrscPP: Prescriptive pass. part. | PPf: Periphrastic Perfect (aamaas..) | |
Tom's Sanskrit materials include
These benefit from the following Sanskrit and software resources:
-
DVP or Goldman: DevavANIpraveSikA, An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language, by Robert
P. Goldman and Sally J. Sutherland Goldman. 2011.
- MW: A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, by Monier Monier-Williams, via gandhari.org"
- Also see LearnSanskrit.org
| INRIA Sanskrit portal
| Monier Williams/Koeln
| MW/Gandhari
| Liberation Theology app($4)
- TG: Translation Graphs multilinear text formatting software, by yours truly.