Next we examine the effect of impressionistically coded phrasal stress reduction on instrumental measurements of formant frequencies. As discussed in the Methods chapter, the ``stress'' I am referring to is not lexical stress as may be listed in a dictionary or derived by a system of rules, but impressionistically classified phrasal stress. Phrasal stress here means an impressionistic classification of each syllable in the context of the entire utterance in which it was spoken. Vowel tokens in clitic words7.22are distinguished, and vowel classes with one or no tokens of either stressed or unstressed classes are excluded.